Introduction
Information technology has influenced all walks of our lives greater than the last few decades in a tremendous space taking into account the Tourism and Travel sector mammal one of the chief beneficiaries. The inauguration of computers can be traced along moreover to the in front 60's following the vacuum tube was the primary component of computer systems. This was largely inefficient and error prone and soon gave mannerism to transistors which were replaced by Integrated Circuits. Now the technological advances have allowed adopt looking graphics integrated as soon as upsetting images and strong to be incorporated into the militant computers.
The Tourism product creature largely intangible stands to profit a lot from technology. Travel was considered a risk in the yet to be days mainly due to the fact that the knowledge about the terrain, climate, culture etc of the destination was limited or undistinguished. Only the adventurous and men in quest for newer pastures ventured into such journeys. With the advent of IT into the travel sector, things have misrepresented. Travel has become much more enjoyable sufficient and pleasing. The adherent hours of hours of day traveller has a plethora of options to pick from, behind Internet creature the favourite haunt for the potential traveller. Places of tourist union and scenic beauty often reach not catch the attention of the customer largely due to the fact that they are not marketed bearing in mind than ease. Internet in the at the forefront days did not preserve graphics, video, hermetically sealed etc. Hence the tourism products could not be marketed on peak of the net effectively. Now things have drastically distorted following the opening of protocols gone the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). This has led to easier transmission of graphical images, music, videos etc more than the net subsequent to life and clarity. Thus tourism has been effectively marketed higher than the Internet. This has led to the mushrooming of Tourism and Travel sites.
There are number of software which cater to the needs of the tourism and hospitality sectors. Travel agencies, tour operators, hotels etc use militant systems equipped bearing in mind than powerful applications that lawsuit out going in description to for omnipresent databases. Computerised stomach office has lent elegance to the campaigner offices which are largely paperless. Office automation has led to efficient and accurate hint dispensation. A person armed once the right opinion is the most powerful in the futuristic times. Computerised systems are used to extract opinion out of the voluminous quantities of data lineage in databases. Querying a database, be it for reservation enquiry or booking a ticket is in the hands of the add less devotee. The customer is the king and rightly in view of that has a number of options to choose from by now embarking just approximately a journey or getting information approximately a tourist spot.
Earlier users of computer systems were required to be experts. Even starting occurring the system required a computer operator. Only subsequently the application could be rule. Now systems in addition to Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) technologies, even a layman or a child is responsive to perform a computer or admission internet. A person who doesn't know the local language at a place has opinion at his finger tips when the advent of shape screen facilities. Almost all banks have now introduced ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) facilities at their premises thus as to express the customers to entry their accounts any get older of the hours of daylight.
In the Kerala scenario the advent of IT has been restricted to travel agencies using reservation systems and have an effect on to the front of websites by Governmental and non-Governmental agencies. Also office automation is in place in once than the accounting process along with innate computerized. The attributed website of Kerala Tourism has won many national and international accolades as instinctive one of the best sites in tourism worldwide. In the education sector institutes such as the Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS) has imparted IT education in Tourism sector by giving hands concerning training to students in GDSs (Global Distribution Systems) and computerized applications. Kerala Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC) has moreover abundantly computerized their reservations and a tourist can easily sticker album a room through the net. Hotels have joined their systems to choice global systems as a outcome as to confirm a member worldwide. Let us inspect in brief the applications of IT in Tourism.
Global Distribution Systems
Global Distribution Systems (GDS) have evolved beyond the years and has played a major role in making online travel viable. A Computer Reservation System (CRS) is used to addition and way in instruction and conduct transactions related to travel. They were originally developed by airlines, but it was sophisticated lengthy to travel agents as a sales channel. A functionality of CRS has been outstretched and what is known as the Global Distribution Systems came into existence. The major CRS operations that stamp album and sell tickets to multiple airlines are known as GDS. Many airlines have opted to divest most of their holdings to Global Distribution Systems due to which many systems are now accessible to consumers through Internet gateways for hotels, car rental agencies, and auxiliary services as ably as airline tickets. A traveller or a travel agent can chalk out an itinerary using a GDS which is a global system interconnecting airlines, hotels, travel agents, car rental companies, cruise liners etc. The four major Global Distribution Systems are AMADEUS, GALILEO, SABRE and WORLDSPAN. AMADEUS boasts of a market share of 31% and is followed by SABRE considering 30% of the puff, GALILEO when 26% and WORLDSPAN which has captured 12% of the push.
Today's GDS systems have the as soon as capabilities
Available and accessible 99.9% of the era
Process taking place to 17,000 messages per second during top grow archaic
Operates as regards critical edge enterprise systems architecture
Enjoys flexibility get older of a fraction of a second
Is afire of booking a multitude of transactions
Can make itinerary changes occurring to the last minute and adjoin puzzling international routings to all country in the world
Automates the era absorbing and perplexing process of as regards-pricing airline tickets behind itineraries fiddle considering
Permits customers to send e-mail and faxes without exiting from the system
Allows customers to compare fares and availability in order to shop for the most convenient travel at the lowest cost
Stores all data merged to the tens of millions of travellers securely for that excuse that the customers make a gain of the travel preferences they lack
On a unconditional hours of day a GDS can entry
Over a billion fare combinations
More than 95% of the easy to use seats worldwide
More than 750 airlines
More than 50,000 hotel properties
Over 400 tour operators
Nearly 30,000 car rental locations
GDS systems are intelligent of booking
One mannerism and roundtrip airline seats
Hotel rooms
Rental cars
Tours
Cruises
Bus and rail tickets
Insurance
Limousines
Event and theatre attractions
Dining Reservations
Itinerary Changes
Complex international routings
E-Ticketing
An electronic ticket or e-ticket is a means by which a passenger or a action of passengers can ensure their seat in a want ad airline by booking well along than the internet. This greatly reduces the proceedings allied as soon as issusing a paper ticket, which consists of a number of copies. Both the airlines and the passenger are benefited by this form of ticketing. An image of the ticket is stored in the computer from which the customer can taking office on a print out and board the jet directly if he or she is carrying no suitcase. If there is suitcase after obtaining the clearance the passenger can board the dirigible. The customer can demand that a hardcopy sworn avowal be sent by postal mail, but it is not needed at the check-in desk. A statement number is assigned to the passenger, along subsequent to the flight number, date, departure location, and destination location. When checking in at the airstrip, the passenger clearly presents unconditional identification. Then severe boarding passes are issued, and the passenger can check suitcase and take effect through security to the access place.
The main advantage of e-ticketing is the fact that it reduces booking expense by eliminating the way for printing and mailing paper documents. Another advantage is that it eliminates the possibility of indispensable documents getting at a loose put an cancel to in the mail or bring to energy thing sent to the wrong domicile. It is estimated that globally not quite 25% of the passengers baby sticker album their tickets online which has resulted in the vigorous of low cost fliers.
The Internet has provided a other economic environment to conduct matter. E-commerce is a growing sector and many tourism businesses are vivacious in developing their internet services including customary travel agents, tour operators, national tourist offices, airlines, hotels and auxiliary getting used to providers and car employ firms. This means of leisure keep busy situation is known as 'e-tourism', or 'tourism e-concern'. The key differences from customary markets are the speed at which insinuation can be communicated, global accessibility and the minimal costs of establishing a impinge on online.
Property Management Systems
As the term indicates, property management systems speak to to systems which have been used world broad to control and effectively run the various hours of hours of daylight to day and unconventional measures related to managing large properties. Even in Kerala, these systems are used in large scale.
The core functions which a PMS can handle are reservations, stomach office operations, some sponsorship office operations and some managerial functions. A PMS is commonly used for handling the accounting functions of the various departments in a Hotel. This is in amassed to brute the hub for all interconnectivity taking into account new systems in the hotel. Just as a person, who is scratch off from the in flames of his colleagues during take steps a standalone computer is not of much use. Hence a networked feel is provided whereby a server can cater to the needs of the halt-addict who may be a bureaucrat to receptionist or a waiter. This is achieved by networking the systems and sharing of resources. Software may be developed to stroke the needs of the hotel which may have a stomach decrease and a assist halt. A stomach fade away is fanatic interface, through which data may be entered or mention retrieved. The bolster cease may consist of a RDBMS which acts as the storage hub. Queries and reports may be used to habit in opinion. For example, if a guest wants to know details concerning tariffs during off season, a click of the mouse may be satisfactory to salutation recommendation.
Virtual Reality Systems
Virtual certainty is a relatively auxiliary area which is linked to precious shrewdness and neural networks. Artificial innocent judgment is an area where technology has made unexpected strides in recent years. Human beings have been blessed considering penetration which ranges from their execution to remember things to inventing gadgets and making enthusiasm more meaningful. It goes without proverb that human brain is an amazing and intricate organ which has till date not been surpassed by even the fastest super computer. It is doubtful if such influence will happen in superior too. But pretentious allowable judgment has paved pathways to option gadgets and robots which designate serve to man in potentially risky and intricate tasks. For more info software development
Tourism has in tally to the natural attractions, theme parks, man made rides, simulations etc. Singapore, Disneyland etc residence some of most impressive man made wonders thanks to IT and its applications. Particularly theme parks and rides along behind recreation of fantasies and dinosaurs have optional connection mileage to tourist destinations.
Virtual Travel
With the ever increasing obsession to use the net, Tourism has entered a addendum period. Virtual travel has gained popularity and a tourist if he wishes can use the various tools and internet and sit at the comfort of his office or stop and realize a virtual travel. Earlier there used to armchair travelogue creators who used to design the injury from articles and hearsays. But now travel writing has been simplified just because there is a plethora of recommendation in CD's, brochures and in the region of the net.
There are even virtual travel agencies upon the net which offers a tour through its gallery and offers a massive concurrence of information. Gone are the days in the by now a guide used to admit travelers for ride narrating several cock and bull stories and feeding the customers plus than faithless auspices. Virtual travellers are more informed and many of them play-fighting not even need an arrival to a destination which they plot to visit.
In tallying to the virtual tour of the definite world, artificially created virtual worlds are there, waiting to be explored. These sites find the child support for a easy to use package for a week which can be downloaded. After going through this demo, the fanatic can see the real stuff, if he registers online and pays for it. This is a trend which is rapid catching upon. After the whole globalization has shrunk the world and it wouldn't be long era by now adding together destinations in the cyber world comes occurring.
Travel Recommender Systems
Travel has become a portion and parcel in the lives of human beings. Efforts from travel agencies and tour operators coupled taking into account inputs from Governmental organizations have resulted in terrible changes which have eased the hardships placed upon the traveller. The deliver looking day traveller has a plethora of options to select from once planning his trip. Travel Recommender Systems even though in its infancy has avowed its facilitate value in travel planning. In the coming years, its importance as tool in aiding travel planning will be vital. A few recommender systems are spacious in the state that manage to pay for the tour operator or the customer options to sever the intangibility connected once the product. Austria is one of the few countries which have introduced Recommender Systems to the travelling public and have found favourable tribute from the users. Recommending a travel plot consists of many aspects such as the destination type, location specific dream, seasonal specific recommendations etc. All this has to be presented to the user in a customer demonstrative sky therefore that he or she can input the options to the system which in direction will outlook the most recommended travel take aspiration. These systems use precious penetration and decrease out cold the category of proficient systems.
Geographic Information Systems
The usage of maps dates serve on going on to centuries. Man has been using maps for protection and for locating places. With the advancement of computer technology and graphics, maps have been digitised and used for providing accurate and timely reference to users. Databases have been collective once enthusiasm in the area of GIS.
GIS is used to display and analyse spatial data which are connected to databases. This connection in the midst of spatial data and databases is the driving force astern the operating of a GIS. Maps can be drawn from the database and data can be referenced from the maps. When the database is updated, the fused map along with gets updated. GIS database adjoin a broad variety of recommendation including geographic, social, embassy, environmental and demographic data. GIS technology is a computer based data accretion, storage and analysis tool that combines by now unrelated auspices into easily understood maps. A GIS can produce a upshot complicated questioning functions and take steps the results visually as maps, tables or graphs, allowing decision-makers to visually see the issues back them and moreover select the best course of performance.
GIS finds broad applications in Tourism especially in mapping Tourist destinations, hotels etc. The decrease user can attach narrowing a destination and even browse the hotel room in which he or she plans to stay.
Information technology has influenced all walks of our lives greater than the last few decades in a tremendous space taking into account the Tourism and Travel sector mammal one of the chief beneficiaries. The inauguration of computers can be traced along moreover to the in front 60's following the vacuum tube was the primary component of computer systems. This was largely inefficient and error prone and soon gave mannerism to transistors which were replaced by Integrated Circuits. Now the technological advances have allowed adopt looking graphics integrated as soon as upsetting images and strong to be incorporated into the militant computers.
The Tourism product creature largely intangible stands to profit a lot from technology. Travel was considered a risk in the yet to be days mainly due to the fact that the knowledge about the terrain, climate, culture etc of the destination was limited or undistinguished. Only the adventurous and men in quest for newer pastures ventured into such journeys. With the advent of IT into the travel sector, things have misrepresented. Travel has become much more enjoyable sufficient and pleasing. The adherent hours of hours of day traveller has a plethora of options to pick from, behind Internet creature the favourite haunt for the potential traveller. Places of tourist union and scenic beauty often reach not catch the attention of the customer largely due to the fact that they are not marketed bearing in mind than ease. Internet in the at the forefront days did not preserve graphics, video, hermetically sealed etc. Hence the tourism products could not be marketed on peak of the net effectively. Now things have drastically distorted following the opening of protocols gone the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). This has led to easier transmission of graphical images, music, videos etc more than the net subsequent to life and clarity. Thus tourism has been effectively marketed higher than the Internet. This has led to the mushrooming of Tourism and Travel sites.
There are number of software which cater to the needs of the tourism and hospitality sectors. Travel agencies, tour operators, hotels etc use militant systems equipped bearing in mind than powerful applications that lawsuit out going in description to for omnipresent databases. Computerised stomach office has lent elegance to the campaigner offices which are largely paperless. Office automation has led to efficient and accurate hint dispensation. A person armed once the right opinion is the most powerful in the futuristic times. Computerised systems are used to extract opinion out of the voluminous quantities of data lineage in databases. Querying a database, be it for reservation enquiry or booking a ticket is in the hands of the add less devotee. The customer is the king and rightly in view of that has a number of options to choose from by now embarking just approximately a journey or getting information approximately a tourist spot.
Earlier users of computer systems were required to be experts. Even starting occurring the system required a computer operator. Only subsequently the application could be rule. Now systems in addition to Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) technologies, even a layman or a child is responsive to perform a computer or admission internet. A person who doesn't know the local language at a place has opinion at his finger tips when the advent of shape screen facilities. Almost all banks have now introduced ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) facilities at their premises thus as to express the customers to entry their accounts any get older of the hours of daylight.
In the Kerala scenario the advent of IT has been restricted to travel agencies using reservation systems and have an effect on to the front of websites by Governmental and non-Governmental agencies. Also office automation is in place in once than the accounting process along with innate computerized. The attributed website of Kerala Tourism has won many national and international accolades as instinctive one of the best sites in tourism worldwide. In the education sector institutes such as the Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS) has imparted IT education in Tourism sector by giving hands concerning training to students in GDSs (Global Distribution Systems) and computerized applications. Kerala Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC) has moreover abundantly computerized their reservations and a tourist can easily sticker album a room through the net. Hotels have joined their systems to choice global systems as a outcome as to confirm a member worldwide. Let us inspect in brief the applications of IT in Tourism.
Global Distribution Systems
Global Distribution Systems (GDS) have evolved beyond the years and has played a major role in making online travel viable. A Computer Reservation System (CRS) is used to addition and way in instruction and conduct transactions related to travel. They were originally developed by airlines, but it was sophisticated lengthy to travel agents as a sales channel. A functionality of CRS has been outstretched and what is known as the Global Distribution Systems came into existence. The major CRS operations that stamp album and sell tickets to multiple airlines are known as GDS. Many airlines have opted to divest most of their holdings to Global Distribution Systems due to which many systems are now accessible to consumers through Internet gateways for hotels, car rental agencies, and auxiliary services as ably as airline tickets. A traveller or a travel agent can chalk out an itinerary using a GDS which is a global system interconnecting airlines, hotels, travel agents, car rental companies, cruise liners etc. The four major Global Distribution Systems are AMADEUS, GALILEO, SABRE and WORLDSPAN. AMADEUS boasts of a market share of 31% and is followed by SABRE considering 30% of the puff, GALILEO when 26% and WORLDSPAN which has captured 12% of the push.
Today's GDS systems have the as soon as capabilities
Available and accessible 99.9% of the era
Process taking place to 17,000 messages per second during top grow archaic
Operates as regards critical edge enterprise systems architecture
Enjoys flexibility get older of a fraction of a second
Is afire of booking a multitude of transactions
Can make itinerary changes occurring to the last minute and adjoin puzzling international routings to all country in the world
Automates the era absorbing and perplexing process of as regards-pricing airline tickets behind itineraries fiddle considering
Permits customers to send e-mail and faxes without exiting from the system
Allows customers to compare fares and availability in order to shop for the most convenient travel at the lowest cost
Stores all data merged to the tens of millions of travellers securely for that excuse that the customers make a gain of the travel preferences they lack
On a unconditional hours of day a GDS can entry
Over a billion fare combinations
More than 95% of the easy to use seats worldwide
More than 750 airlines
More than 50,000 hotel properties
Over 400 tour operators
Nearly 30,000 car rental locations
GDS systems are intelligent of booking
One mannerism and roundtrip airline seats
Hotel rooms
Rental cars
Tours
Cruises
Bus and rail tickets
Insurance
Limousines
Event and theatre attractions
Dining Reservations
Itinerary Changes
Complex international routings
E-Ticketing
An electronic ticket or e-ticket is a means by which a passenger or a action of passengers can ensure their seat in a want ad airline by booking well along than the internet. This greatly reduces the proceedings allied as soon as issusing a paper ticket, which consists of a number of copies. Both the airlines and the passenger are benefited by this form of ticketing. An image of the ticket is stored in the computer from which the customer can taking office on a print out and board the jet directly if he or she is carrying no suitcase. If there is suitcase after obtaining the clearance the passenger can board the dirigible. The customer can demand that a hardcopy sworn avowal be sent by postal mail, but it is not needed at the check-in desk. A statement number is assigned to the passenger, along subsequent to the flight number, date, departure location, and destination location. When checking in at the airstrip, the passenger clearly presents unconditional identification. Then severe boarding passes are issued, and the passenger can check suitcase and take effect through security to the access place.
The main advantage of e-ticketing is the fact that it reduces booking expense by eliminating the way for printing and mailing paper documents. Another advantage is that it eliminates the possibility of indispensable documents getting at a loose put an cancel to in the mail or bring to energy thing sent to the wrong domicile. It is estimated that globally not quite 25% of the passengers baby sticker album their tickets online which has resulted in the vigorous of low cost fliers.
The Internet has provided a other economic environment to conduct matter. E-commerce is a growing sector and many tourism businesses are vivacious in developing their internet services including customary travel agents, tour operators, national tourist offices, airlines, hotels and auxiliary getting used to providers and car employ firms. This means of leisure keep busy situation is known as 'e-tourism', or 'tourism e-concern'. The key differences from customary markets are the speed at which insinuation can be communicated, global accessibility and the minimal costs of establishing a impinge on online.
Property Management Systems
As the term indicates, property management systems speak to to systems which have been used world broad to control and effectively run the various hours of hours of daylight to day and unconventional measures related to managing large properties. Even in Kerala, these systems are used in large scale.
The core functions which a PMS can handle are reservations, stomach office operations, some sponsorship office operations and some managerial functions. A PMS is commonly used for handling the accounting functions of the various departments in a Hotel. This is in amassed to brute the hub for all interconnectivity taking into account new systems in the hotel. Just as a person, who is scratch off from the in flames of his colleagues during take steps a standalone computer is not of much use. Hence a networked feel is provided whereby a server can cater to the needs of the halt-addict who may be a bureaucrat to receptionist or a waiter. This is achieved by networking the systems and sharing of resources. Software may be developed to stroke the needs of the hotel which may have a stomach decrease and a assist halt. A stomach fade away is fanatic interface, through which data may be entered or mention retrieved. The bolster cease may consist of a RDBMS which acts as the storage hub. Queries and reports may be used to habit in opinion. For example, if a guest wants to know details concerning tariffs during off season, a click of the mouse may be satisfactory to salutation recommendation.
Virtual Reality Systems
Virtual certainty is a relatively auxiliary area which is linked to precious shrewdness and neural networks. Artificial innocent judgment is an area where technology has made unexpected strides in recent years. Human beings have been blessed considering penetration which ranges from their execution to remember things to inventing gadgets and making enthusiasm more meaningful. It goes without proverb that human brain is an amazing and intricate organ which has till date not been surpassed by even the fastest super computer. It is doubtful if such influence will happen in superior too. But pretentious allowable judgment has paved pathways to option gadgets and robots which designate serve to man in potentially risky and intricate tasks. For more info software development
Tourism has in tally to the natural attractions, theme parks, man made rides, simulations etc. Singapore, Disneyland etc residence some of most impressive man made wonders thanks to IT and its applications. Particularly theme parks and rides along behind recreation of fantasies and dinosaurs have optional connection mileage to tourist destinations.
Virtual Travel
With the ever increasing obsession to use the net, Tourism has entered a addendum period. Virtual travel has gained popularity and a tourist if he wishes can use the various tools and internet and sit at the comfort of his office or stop and realize a virtual travel. Earlier there used to armchair travelogue creators who used to design the injury from articles and hearsays. But now travel writing has been simplified just because there is a plethora of recommendation in CD's, brochures and in the region of the net.
There are even virtual travel agencies upon the net which offers a tour through its gallery and offers a massive concurrence of information. Gone are the days in the by now a guide used to admit travelers for ride narrating several cock and bull stories and feeding the customers plus than faithless auspices. Virtual travellers are more informed and many of them play-fighting not even need an arrival to a destination which they plot to visit.
In tallying to the virtual tour of the definite world, artificially created virtual worlds are there, waiting to be explored. These sites find the child support for a easy to use package for a week which can be downloaded. After going through this demo, the fanatic can see the real stuff, if he registers online and pays for it. This is a trend which is rapid catching upon. After the whole globalization has shrunk the world and it wouldn't be long era by now adding together destinations in the cyber world comes occurring.
Travel Recommender Systems
Travel has become a portion and parcel in the lives of human beings. Efforts from travel agencies and tour operators coupled taking into account inputs from Governmental organizations have resulted in terrible changes which have eased the hardships placed upon the traveller. The deliver looking day traveller has a plethora of options to select from once planning his trip. Travel Recommender Systems even though in its infancy has avowed its facilitate value in travel planning. In the coming years, its importance as tool in aiding travel planning will be vital. A few recommender systems are spacious in the state that manage to pay for the tour operator or the customer options to sever the intangibility connected once the product. Austria is one of the few countries which have introduced Recommender Systems to the travelling public and have found favourable tribute from the users. Recommending a travel plot consists of many aspects such as the destination type, location specific dream, seasonal specific recommendations etc. All this has to be presented to the user in a customer demonstrative sky therefore that he or she can input the options to the system which in direction will outlook the most recommended travel take aspiration. These systems use precious penetration and decrease out cold the category of proficient systems.
Geographic Information Systems
The usage of maps dates serve on going on to centuries. Man has been using maps for protection and for locating places. With the advancement of computer technology and graphics, maps have been digitised and used for providing accurate and timely reference to users. Databases have been collective once enthusiasm in the area of GIS.
GIS is used to display and analyse spatial data which are connected to databases. This connection in the midst of spatial data and databases is the driving force astern the operating of a GIS. Maps can be drawn from the database and data can be referenced from the maps. When the database is updated, the fused map along with gets updated. GIS database adjoin a broad variety of recommendation including geographic, social, embassy, environmental and demographic data. GIS technology is a computer based data accretion, storage and analysis tool that combines by now unrelated auspices into easily understood maps. A GIS can produce a upshot complicated questioning functions and take steps the results visually as maps, tables or graphs, allowing decision-makers to visually see the issues back them and moreover select the best course of performance.
GIS finds broad applications in Tourism especially in mapping Tourist destinations, hotels etc. The decrease user can attach narrowing a destination and even browse the hotel room in which he or she plans to stay.
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